1 What is the chromosomal abnormality associated with chronic myeloid leukemia? The Philadelphia chromosome—or t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2) resulting in a BCR-ABL1 fusion gene—is the hallmark of 90% to 95% of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cases. The remaining cases consist of variant and…
1 Discuss the incidence of acute myeloid leukemia in children in the United States. There are 500 to 600 new cases of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) diagnosed annually in the United States and approximately 10,000 cases diagnosed each year…
1 Describe the frequency of acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in children, accounting for one-fourth of all childhood cancers and 72% of all childhood leukemia. The annual incidence rate is 3…
1 What are the surgical guidelines for the treatment of neuroblastoma? How does stage affect operative management decisions? Surgical goals include establishing a definitive diagnosis, accurate staging, and gross total resection, if possible. For stage I to II disease, upfront…
1 How does the epidemiology of childhood cancer vary in different geographic regions of the world? Variation in the epidemiology of childhood cancer worldwide is largely influenced by the impact of infection-associated malignancies ( Figure 28.1 ). Although acute lymphoblastic…
1 What are the emotional and educational needs of children with hematological/oncological conditions? Although every child is different, there are certain considerations when it comes to the emotional well-being of children with chronic and acute medical conditions. A group of…
1 What are the differences between palliative care, end-of-life care, and hospice care? Palliative care for children and adolescents is an evolving field but can be defined as an interdisciplinary collaborative approach to improve the quality of life of children…
1 Describe complementary and integrative health therapies. Complementary and integrative health therapies (CIHTs) are nonmainstream practices used in combination or together with conventional medicine. CIHTs are divided into three categories: natural products, mind and body practices, and whole-systems. Natural products…
1 Describe the goals of survivorship care and the role of the survivorship clinic. Childhood cancer survivors are at an increased risk for significant adverse health effects and impaired quality of life after disease-related therapy. Multimodal regimens, consisting of chemotherapy,…
1 Compare and contrast DNA and RNA as targets for molecular testing. DNA is double-stranded with A-T and C-G pairs of deoxyribonucleotides; it includes exons, introns, and intergenic regions; all nucleated normal cells have the full DNA complement; and DNA…