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Constipation and fecal incontinence represent common problems in children. Beyond the neonatal period, only a minority of children have an organic cause for their constipation and the etiology remains not well understood. Constipation rarely leads to life-threatening complications but can…
Gastrointestinal Gas Increased gassiness is a complaint frequently encountered by physicians. Although 10% to 30% of the general adult population report symptoms related to excessive gastrointestinal gas, its prevalence in children remains unknown. , The investigation of gas-related complaints is…
Definition and Epidemiology Diarrhea is a symptom, not a disease, resulting from a variety of pathologic or nonpathologic conditions. It can be separated into acute (≤4 weeks) and chronic (>4 weeks) diarrhea, with different etiologies suspected based on patient’s age…
Acknowledgments The current author would like to acknowledge B U. K. Li and Katja Kovacic for their significant contributions to the previous version of this chapter. It is accepted that the ability to vomit developed as a protective mechanism to…
† Deceased Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs, also known as disorders of gut–brain interaction) are common in children of all ages. More than half of new patients attending a pediatric gastroenterology clinic meet symptom-based criteria for an FGID. FGIDs are associated…
Introduction Chronic abdominal pain, generally defined as long-lasting intermittent or constant abdominal pain, is a common complaint in children and adolescents. For the majority of children with chronic abdominal pain, the pain is functional in nature rather than the result…
The portion of the immune system resident within the intestine faces significant challenges. A single layer of epithelium separates the majority population of the host’s immune cells from a massive number of bacteria. It is therefore probably not surprising that…
Introduction The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract represents one of the largest interfaces between the host, environmental factors, and antigens. In addition to food and liquids, an abundance of environmental microorganisms and xenobiotics pass through the GI tract daily, posing a…