Esophageal Symptoms Pathologic processes in the pediatric esophagus can result in a variety of symptoms. These range from the classic esophageal symptoms of heartburn, odynophagia, dysphagia, chest pain, and regurgitation to nonspecific symptoms such as feeding difficulties, recurrent abdominal pain,…
The term esophageal motor disorder is commonly used to describe abnormal motility patterns demonstrated during esophageal manometry studies. Some of these disorders, such as esophageal achalasia, have well-defined abnormalities of esophageal motility, which correlate with clinical symptoms. However, other esophageal…
Abbreviations BAL bronchoalveolar lavage CMPA cow’s milk protein allergy ENT ear nose throat GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease H 2 RA H 2 receptor antagonist LES lower esophageal sphincter LLM lipid-laden macrophage NERD nonerosive reflux disease PPI proton pump inhibitor TLESR…
Congenital Lesions of the Esophagus Congenital lesions of the esophagus fall into three categories: congenital esophageal stenosis, the variants of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula, and laryngotracheoesophageal clefts. congenital esophageal stenosis Congenital esophageal stenosis presents in three variants: esophageal webs…
The esophageal functions are to transport food from the mouth to the stomach and to prevent reflux of gastric contents. Main manifestations of esophageal disease are either feeding intolerance or regurgitation. The esophagus is a complex organ and should not…
Ingestion of Caustic Agents Epidemiology According to the most recent Annual Report from the American Association of Poison Control Centers there were 2,159,032 human exposures in the year 2016. Of these exposures, 46% of them occurred in children 5 years…
Acknowledgment We would like to acknowledge Michael J. Nowicki and Phyllis R. Bishop, authors of the previous edition’s chapter. Overview Ascites is the pathologic accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. The word ascites originates from the Greek words askites…
The term jaundice originated from the French jaune, which means “yellow.” Jaundice, or icterus (from the Greek ikteros ), refers to the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and other tissues caused by deposition of the bile pigment bilirubin. Jaundice…
Eating disorders are life-threatening biopsychosocial illnesses that affect children, adolescents, and adults across the life span. Pediatricians, parents, and others who take care of children are recognizing disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in children as young as 2 years, and…
The Surgeon General, the Institutes of Medicine, and the World Health Organization have classified childhood obesity as an epidemic in need of immediate and wide-reaching attention. The prevalence of childhood obesity has nearly tripled over the past 20 years; 18.5%…