Introduction Pediatric tracheal stenosis is the clinical presentation of a diverse and complex spectrum of disease processes. Etiologies range from iatrogenic injury, trauma, infection, congenital malformations, neoplasms, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), autoimmune processes, and granulomatous diseases. Classification is necessary in…
Introduction Rigid tracheoscopy and bronchoscopy are important methods for evaluating the airway in infants and children. During this procedure, a rigid telescope with or without a rigid ventilating bronchoscope is inserted transorally to evaluate the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Rigid…
Introduction The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure is a technique for managing fetal airway obstruction at the time of delivery. The key component of the procedure is that a fetal airway is established while maintaining fetal oxygenation with the…
Video 196.1 , Video 196.2 , Video 196.3 Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a disease of viral etiology, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11, associated with exophytic lesions of the airway. Although it is a benign disease,…
Introduction Feeding and swallowing problems are commonly encountered issues in pediatric otolaryngology. The incidence of feeding disorders has been estimated at 25% to 45%; the incidence of swallowing disorders is unknown but is increasing with improved life expectancy of premature…
Introduction Subglottic stenosis (SGS) used to be primarily congenital in etiology, and managed conservatively with a tracheostomy tube. Long-term intubation, especially in premature infants, was introduced in the latter part of the 20th century and resulted in increasing rates of…
Video 193.1 , Video 193.2 , Video 193.3 Laryngomalacia-associated breathing was first described in 1851 by the French physician Rilliet in a case report of a benign inspiratory noise from an infant. This sound was subsequently termed stridor in 1853…
Introduction Tonsillectomy was first performed over 2000 years ago, with the oldest reference to the procedure dating back to 1000 BC. As the safety and indications evolved, so did the popularity of tonsillectomy. Most notably, the 1970s and 1980s saw…
Introduction The adenoid is a part of the Waldeyer’s ring of lymphoid tissue, which consists of palatine tonsil, adenoid or pharyngeal tonsil, tubal (eustachian) tonsil, and lateral pharyngeal band. The adenoid is a single, lobulated lymphoid tissue located on the…
Introduction Midline nasal masses and nasolacrimal duct cysts (NLDC) are pathologies that afflict infants and children. The pathophysiology of the midline nasal masses and NLDC is distinct, and the treatment of each of them is just as distinct. When a…