Introduction Cardiomyopathy is a very rare disease in the fetus. It is almost invariably associated with a poor outcome. Only isolated case reports and small case series have been published. There is a great variability in presentation, etiology, and hemodynamic…
Introduction Congenital anomalies of systemic venous drainage represent a heterogeneous group of malformations. The most frequently reported anomalies are persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC), absence of inferior vena cava (IVC), and agenesis of the ductus venosus. More rarely, right…
Introduction Anomalous pulmonary venous return (APVR) is an uncommon congenital heart anomaly with abnormal drainage of pulmonary venous blood into the systemic venous system. Despite its very low incidence, it is a pediatric cardiology emergency. Disease Definition APVR is defined…
Introduction Heterotaxy (or situs ambiguus ) is defined as the abnormal arrangement of thoracic or abdominal organs, or both, across the left-right axis ( Video 90.1 ); it is different from complete situs inversus, which involves all organs. The term…
Introduction Double-inlet single ventricle is a rare anomaly, accounting for 2% to 3% of all congenital heart diseases (CHDs). Double-inlet single ventricle comprises a heterogeneous group of cardiac anomalies characterized by the presence of two atria with a single ventricle.…
Introduction Common arterial trunk (CAT), also called truncus arteriosus, is an infrequent conotruncal anomaly in which there is a single outflow tract for both ventricles. Disease Definition CAT is characterized by a single great artery connecting both ventricles, which is…
Introduction Double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) refers to a group of complex heart anomalies in which both great arteries arise entirely, or to a great extent, from the right ventricle. Disease Definition DORV encompasses a spectrum of lesions in which both…
Introduction There are two forms of transposition of great arteries (TGA): complete and corrected. Complete Transposition of Great Arteries A conotruncal anomaly characterized by a discordant ventriculoarterial connection. Complete TGA affects approximately 3 : 10,000 newborns. Definition Complete TGA is defined by…
Introduction Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one of the most common conotruncal heart anomalies. It affects 9% to 11% of newborns with congenital heart disease (CHD). Disease Definition In TOF, there is an anterior-superior and leftward displacement of the outlet…
Introduction Aortic arch (AA) anomalies comprise a group of congenital alterations of the aortic arch that affect the position of the aortic branching. These anomalies can occur in association with other congenital heart diseases (CHDs) or as incidental findings in…