Introduction Traumatic rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) can be a common source of knee instability and dysfunction in athletes. Reconstruction of a torn ACL, to restore function and limit injury to the menisci, has become a common orthopedic…
Ligament Fiber Length-Tension Properties Critical Points Ligament Fiber Length-Tension Properties Numerous publications demonstrate how ligament fiber function depends on the initial length and attachment site and the specific joint position of both flexion-extension and tibial rotation. These concepts form the…
Classification System for Knee Ligament Injuries Critical Points Classification System for Knee Ligament Injuries Purpose of a Classification System Make accurate distinctions between separate pathologic conditions in laboratory and clinical studies. Provide a common descriptive tool for investigators who wish…
Introduction The posterior and lateral anatomy of the knee joint presents a challenge to even the most experienced knee surgeon. Knowledge of the bony topography will result in a greater number of anatomic ligament reconstructions ( Fig. 2-1 ). A…
Medial Anatomy of the Knee The medial anatomy of the knee consists of several layers of structures that work together to provide stability and function. Authors have used a variety of anatomic terms and descriptions that, unfortunately, have created ambiguity…