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Functional Disorders
Overview of Functional Disorders Functional disorder is a disorder of the function of the patient without a neurologic cause. The etiology is in the mind of the patient, usually subconsciously but sometimes with conscious intent. Conversion disorder is considered to…
Tumors With Neurologic Involvement and Remote Effects of Tumors
Clinical Presentation of Tumors With Neurologic Involvement Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) have protean manifestations. Although they commonly present with focal neurologic findings, they can often be more insidious in onset, with more subtle manifestations. Intracranial tumors (benign…
Infectious Diseases
Overview of Infectious Disease Neuroinfectious diseases are a prominent aspect of acute care neurology. For many patients, there is not a specific localization but rather a mode of presentation that raises suspicion for infections of the nervous system. Effects of…
Autoimmune Disorders
Overview of Autoimmune Disorders Autoimmune disorders rely on clinical diagnosis including localization. However, there is no specific examination finding that indicates autoimmune pathogenesis. The diagnosis of most autoimmune disorders is syndromic and is supported by careful examination, laboratory studies, and…
Visual Disorders
Approach to Differential Diagnosis Assessment of the Visual Disturbance Visual disturbance usually falls into one of several categories but sometimes it is in more than one category, depending on whether visual loss is accompanied by other deficits. Types of visual…
Movement Disorders
Movement disorders are impairments of movement not due to corticospinal tract dysfunction, although some movement disorders can be associated with corticospinal findings as a component (e.g., multiple system atrophy; MSA). Movement disorders may involve increased (hyperkinetic) or decreased (hypokinetic) movement.…
Headache
The diagnosis of headache depends on the report of head pain and on a specific classification of the headache depending on details of the history and examination. Headache is classified as primary or secondary. Principles The brain itself has no…
Neuromuscular Disorders
Clinical Presentations of Neuromuscular Disorders Neuromuscular conditions produce motor and/or sensory disturbance, but the key to suspicion of this localization is the history and examination. To illustrate, the findings in the following scenarios direct the search to a neuromuscular process.…
Seizure Disorders
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsy A seizure is a set of clinical symptoms due to abnormal electrical activity of the brain. Epilepsy is a syndrome where there have been recurrent unprovoked seizures or a single unprovoked seizure with findings to…