Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, spiral, flagellated bacterium that inhabits the mucous layer of the stomach. Warren and Marshall first described H. pylori as a pathogen in humans and clearly documented and correlated the organism's association with gastritis and peptic…
Dyspepsia is pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen. Associated disease may cause the symptom. As a functional disorder, the term dyspepsia is used when the discomfort or pain is chronic, lasts at least 12 weeks during the preceding…
Asaccular “true” diverticulum can originate from any part of the duodenum ( Fig. 30.1 ). It is rare in the first part and usually develops in the second part in the region of the ampulla of Vater. Diverticula have been…
Gastric diverticula are rare and are found in 0.02% of autopsy specimens. Almost all are located on the posterior wall of the cardia and to the left of the esophagus ( Fig. 29.1 ). They are thought to be congenital…
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is an obstruction in the pylorus caused by hyperplasia of the circular muscle surrounding the pyloric outlet channel ( Fig. 28.1 ). It is more common in infants than adults and actually is rare in adults. The…
Nausea and vomiting are nonspecific but clinically important symptoms associated with numerous causes. Nausea is variously described as a sick feeling, a tightness in the throat, a sinking sensation, or a feeling of imminent vomiting. It generally precedes vomiting and…
Pyloric obstruction occurs when the outlet of the stomach narrows to the point of serious interference with gastric emptying ( Fig. 26.1 ). In Western countries, tumors are the most common cause of pyloric obstruction in adults. Duodenal ulcer was…
Gastroparesis is defined as delayed emptying of the stomach. The most common causes of this motility disturbance of the stomach encountered in clinical practice are the association with diabetes mellitus and idiopathic forms ( Fig. 25.1 and Box 25.1 ).…
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Aerophagia is characterized by excessive swallowing of air that results in repeated belching. Air may be swallowed unconsciously by the patient; when it results in repeated eructation, it becomes a clinical problem ( Fig. 23.1 ). Open full size image…