Etiology Nasal polyps are benign pedunculated tumors formed from edematous, usually chronically inflamed nasal mucosa. They commonly arise from the ethmoidal sinus and occur in the middle meatus. Occasionally they appear within the maxillary antrum and can extend to the…
Tumors, septal perforations, and other acquired abnormalities of the nose and paranasal sinuses can manifest with epistaxis. Midface trauma with a nasal or facial fracture may also be accompanied by epistaxis. Trauma to the nose can cause a septal hematoma;…
Normal Newborn Nose In contrast to children and adults who preferentially breathe through their nose unless nasal obstruction interferes, most newborn infants are obligate nasal breathers. Significant nasal obstruction presenting at birth, such as choanal atresia, may be a life-threatening…
Background Infants commonly experience acute, self-resolving changes in their breathing, tone, mental status, and skin color. Usually these events are normal manifestations of developmental immaturity. Nonetheless, caregivers may worry that the acute event could have been life-threatening or is a…
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is defined as the sudden, unexpected death of an infant that is unexplained by a thorough postmortem examination, which includes a complete autopsy, investigation of the scene of death, and review of the medical history.…
Respiratory tract symptoms, including cough, wheeze, and stridor, occur frequently or persist for long periods in a substantial number of children; other children have persistent or recurring lung infiltrates with or without symptoms. Determining the cause of these chronic findings…
History The history begins with a narrative provided by the parent/caretaker with input from the patient. It should include questions about respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, cough, pain, wheezing, snoring, apnea, cyanosis, exercise intolerance), as well as their chronicity, timing during day…
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Inflammation of the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity can result from infectious, autoimmune, neoplastic, and chemical processes. Infectious peritonitis is usually defined as primary (spontaneous) or secondary. In primary peritonitis, the source of infection originates outside the abdomen and…
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