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Adolescence
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Middle Childhood
Middle childhood (6-11 yr of age) is the period in which children increasingly separate from parents and seek acceptance from teachers, other adults, and peers. Children begin to feel under pressure to conform to the style and ideals of the peer…
The Preschool Years
The emergence of language and exposure of children to an expanding social sphere represent the critical milestones for children ages 2-5 yr. As toddlers, children learn to walk away and come back to the secure adult or parent. As preschoolers, they…
The Second Year
The 2nd year of life is a time of rapid growth of development, particularly in the realms of social-emotional and cognitive skills as well as motor development. The toddler's newly found ability to walk allows separation and independence; however, the…
The First Year
The prenatal period and the 1st yr of life provide the platform for remarkable growth and development, setting the trajectory for a child's life. Neural plasticity , the ability of the brain to be shaped by experience, both positive and…
The Newborn
(See also Chapter 113 .) Regardless of gestational age, the newborn (neonatal) period begins at birth and includes the 1st mo of life. During this time, marked physiologic transitions occur in all organ systems, and the infant learns to respond…
Assessment of Fetal Growth and Development
The developing fetus is affected by social and environmental influences, including maternal nutritional status; substance use (both legal and illicit); and psychologic trauma. Correspondingly, the psychologic alterations experienced by the parents during the gestation profoundly impact the lives of all…
Positive Parenting and Support
No force may be more important to a child's development than the family. Many factors contribute to the family's influence, including family structure, functioning, economics, and stress. Parenting provides the foundation to promote healthy child development and to protect against…
Developmental and Behavioral Theories
The field of pediatrics is dedicated to optimizing the growth and development of each child. Pediatricians require knowledge of normal growth, development, and behavior in order to effectively monitor children's progress, identify delays or abnormalities in development, help obtain needed…
Strategies for Health Behavior Change
To improve the health of children, pediatricians often ask patients and caregivers to make behavioral changes. These may be lifestyle changes to manage a chronic condition (e.g., obesity, asthma), adherence with the recommended timing and frequency of medications, or recommendations…