Early feeding and nutrition are of importance in the origin of adult diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, appropriate feeding practices should be established in the neonatal period and continued throughout childhood and…
Nutrition for infants, children, and adolescents should maintain current weight and support normal growth and development. Growth during infancy is rapid, critical for neurocognitive development, and has the highest energy and nutrient requirements relative to body size than any other…
Definition Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurobiologic disorder with onset in early childhood. The key features are impairment in social communication and social interaction accompanied by restricted and repetitive behaviors. The presentation of ASD can vary significantly from one…
Intellectual disability (ID) refers to a group of disorders that have in common deficits of adaptive and intellectual function and an age of onset before maturity is reached. Definition Contemporary conceptualizations of ID emphasize functioning and social interaction rather than…
Most children learn to communicate in their native language without specific instruction or intervention other than exposure to a language-rich environment. Normal development of speech and language is predicated on the infant's ability to hear, see, comprehend, remember, and socially…
Math Disabilities Kenneth L. Grizzle Keywords dyscalculia math disability Individual with Disabilities Education Act IDEA individualized education plan IEP response to intervention specific learning disorder with impairment in mathematics Data from the U.S. National Center for Educational Statistics for 2009 showed…
The most current definition of dyslexia is now codified in U.S. Federal law (First Step Act of 2018, PL: 115–391): “The term dyslexia means an unexpected difficulty in reading for an individual who has the intelligence to be a much…
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, among the most prevalent chronic health conditions affecting school-aged children, and one of the most extensively studied neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. ADHD is characterized by inattention, including increased distractibility…
Terminology and Epidemiology A neurodevelopmental function is a basic brain process needed for learning and productivity. Executive function (EF) is an umbrella term used to describe specific neurocognitive processes involved in the regulating, guiding, organizing, and monitoring of thoughts and…
Psychosis is a severe disruption of thought, perception, and behavior resulting in loss of reality testing. Psychosis can occur as part of a mood disorder, such as major depressive disorder or bipolar I disorder; between mood disorder episodes, as in…