Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X; deficiency of vitamin K can result in clinically significant bleeding. Vitamin K deficiency typically affects infants, who experience a transient deficiency related to inadequate intake,…
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and functions as an antioxidant, but its precise biochemical functions are not known. Vitamin E deficiency can cause hemolysis or neurologic manifestations and occurs in premature infants, in patients with malabsorption, and in an…
Rickets Bone consists of a protein matrix called osteoid and a mineral phase, principally composed of calcium and phosphate, mostly in the form of hydroxyapatite . Osteomalacia occurs with inadequate mineralization of bone osteoid in children and adults. Rickets is…
Vitamin C is important for synthesis of collagen at the level of hydroxylation of lysine and proline in precollagen. It is also involved in neurotransmitter metabolism (conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine and tryptophan to serotonin), cholesterol metabolism (conversion of cholesterol…
Vitamin B complex includes a number of water-soluble nutrients, including thiamine (vitamin B 1 ), riboflavin (B 2 ), niacin (B 3 ), pyridoxine (B 6 ), folate, cobalamin (B 12 ), biotin, and pantothenic acid. Choline and inositol are…
Overview of Vitamin A Vitamin A is a fat-soluble micronutrient that cannot be synthesized de novo by mammals; thus it is an obligatory dietary factor. The term vitamin A is generally used to refer to a group of compounds that…
Epidemiology Obesity is an important pediatric public health problem associated with risk of complications in childhood and increased morbidity and mortality throughout adult life. Obesity is now linked to more deaths than underweight. In 2014, according to the World Health…
Failure to thrive (FTT) has classically been the term used to describe children who are not growing as expected. Studies have advocated using the term malnutrition to describe this cohort of children with specifically defined classification based on anthropometric measurements.…
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Malnutrition as the Intersection of Food Insecurity and Health Insecurity Undernutrition is usually an outcome of three factors, often in combination: household food supply, childcare practices, and access to health and water/sanitation services. In famine and emergency settings, food shortage…