Pain is both a sensory and an emotional experience. When unrecognized and undertreated, pain extracts a significant physiologic, biochemical, and psychological toll on both the child and the family. Many disease processes and most interventional diagnostic or treatment procedures in…
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The continuum of anesthesia includes varying degrees of sedation (i.e., mild, moderate, or deep) and general anesthesia. All forms of sedation are characterized by some preservation of purposeful movement (see Chapter 75 ), whereas general anesthesia is defined by the…
The clinical pharmacology of a given drug reflects a multifaceted set of properties that pertain to not only the disposition and action of drugs, but also the response (e.g., adverse effects, therapeutic effects, therapeutic outcomes) to their administration or use.…
Interindividual variability in the response to similar doses of a given medication is an inherent characteristic of both adult and pediatric populations. Pharmacogenetics , the role of genetic factors in drug disposition and response, has resulted in many examples of…
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Dehydration, most often caused by gastroenteritis, is a common problem in children. Most cases can be managed with oral rehydration (see Chapter 366 ). Even children with mild to moderate hyponatremic or hypernatremic dehydration can be managed with oral rehydration.…
Maintenance intravenous (IV) fluids are used in a child who cannot be fed enterally. Along with maintenance fluids, children may require concurrent replacement fluids if they have continued excessive losses, as may occur with drainage from a nasogastric (NG) tube…
Composition of Body Fluids Larry A. Greenbaum Keywords total body water fluid compartments edema intracellular fluid extracellular fluid osmolality hyperglycemia pseudohyponatremia point-of-care testing Total Body Water Total body water (TBW) as a percentage of body weight varies with age ( Fig.…
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