Allergic or atopic patients have an altered state of reactivity to common environmental and food antigens that do not cause clinical reactions in unaffected people. Patients with clinical allergy usually produce immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to the antigens that trigger…
Pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is considered standard-of-care treatment for a number of malignant and nonmalignant conditions. Treatment generally involves exposure to chemotherapy and occasionally radiation to encourage engraftment of donor stem cells and prevent donor and recipient rejection.…
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A major cause of mortality and morbidity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) , which is caused by engraftment of immunocompetent donor T lymphocytes in an immunologically compromised host who shows histocompatibility differences with the…
Two thirds of patients who need allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) do not have an available HLA-identical sibling. Alternative sources of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are being increasingly used and include matched unrelated donors, unrelated umbilical cord blood ,…
Allogeneic (from a donor) or autologous (from the same individual) hematopoietic stem cells have been used to cure both malignant and nonmalignant disorders. Autologous transplantation is employed as a rescue strategy after delivering otherwise lethal doses of chemotherapy with or…
Evaluation of the Complement System Richard B. Johnston Keywords hereditary angioedema total hemolytic complement activity CH 50 alternative pathway activity AP 50 Testing for total hemolytic complement activity (CH 50 ) effectively screens for most of the common diseases of the…
Complement is an exquisitely balanced, highly influential system that is fundamental to the clinical expression of host defense and inflammation. The complement system also has the capacity to perform functions beyond host defense, such as promoting phagocytic removal of dying…
Leukocytosis is an elevation in the total leukocyte or white blood cell (WBC) count that is 2 SD above the mean for age (see Chapter 748 ). It is most often caused by elevated numbers of neutrophils (i.e., neutrophilia), although…
Leukopenia refers to an abnormally low number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the circulating blood secondary to a paucity of lymphocytes, granulocytes, or both. Because there are marked developmental changes in normal values for WBC counts during childhood (see…