Yellow fever is an acute infection characterized in its most severe form by fever, jaundice, proteinuria, and hemorrhage. The virus is mosquito-borne and occurs in epidemic or endemic form in South America and Africa. Seasonal epidemics occurred in cities located…
Dengue fever is a benign syndrome caused by several arthropod-borne viruses and is characterized by biphasic fever, myalgia or arthralgia, rash, leukopenia, and lymphadenopathy. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (Philippine, Thai, or Singapore hemorrhagic fever; hemorrhagic dengue; acute infectious thrombocytopenic purpura) is…
The arthropod-borne viral infections are a group of mosquito- or tick-transmitted pathogens of several taxa manifested clinically mostly as neurologic infections, influenza-like illnesses, or acute viral exanthems. In temperate countries, arboviruses are transmitted during warmer weather; however, in tropical and…
See also Chapter 687 . Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause a variety of proliferative cutaneous and mucosal lesions, including common skin warts, benign and malignant anogenital tract lesions, oral pharyngeal cancers, and life-threatening respiratory papillomas. Most HPV-related infections in children and…
Diarrhea is a leading cause of childhood death in the world, accounting for 5-10 million deaths per year. In early childhood, the single most important cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea is rotavirus infection. Rotavirus and other gastroenteric viruses are not…
Coronaviruses are increasingly recognized as important human pathogens. They cause up to 15% of common colds and have been implicated in more serious diseases, including croup, asthma exacerbations, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Evidence also suggests that coronaviruses may cause enteritis or…
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most frequent cause of the common cold in both adults and children. Although HRVs were once thought to cause only the common cold, it is now known that they are also associated with lower respiratory…
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are a common cause of human disease. Conjunctivitis is a familiar illness associated with the HAdVs, but these viruses also cause upper and lower respiratory disease, pharyngitis, gastroenteritis, and hemorrhagic cystitis. HAdVs can cause severe disease in…
Etiology Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that has emerged as one of the most common causes of serious lower respiratory tract illness in children throughout the world. Etiology HMPV is an enveloped, single-stranded, nonsegmented, negative-sense RNA genome of…
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of bronchiolitis (see Chapter 418 ) and viral pneumonia in children younger than 1 yr of age and is the most important respiratory tract pathogen of early childhood. Etiology RSV is an enveloped…