Clefts of the lip and palate are distinct entities which are closely related embryologically, functionally, and genetically. It is thought that cleft of the lip appears because of hypoplasia of the mesenchymal layer, resulting in a failure of the medial…
The oral cavity is essentially a masticatory instrument. The purpose of the anterior teeth is to bite off large portions of food. The posterior teeth reduce foodstuff to a soft, moist bolus. The cheeks and tongue force the food onto…
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Newborn infants do not have teeth for about first 6 mo after birth (predentate period). At this stage, the upper and lower alveolar ridges in the mouth, also known as gum pads, house the primary (deciduous) and some permanent tooth buds.…
Disorders of organs outside the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can produce symptoms and signs that mimic digestive tract disorders and should be considered in the differential diagnosis ( Table 332.1 ). In children with normal growth and development, treatment may be…
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Etiology Echinococcosis ( hydatid disease or hydatidosis ) is a widespread, serious human cestode infection ( Fig. 330.1 ). Two major Echinococcus groups of species are responsible for distinct clinical presentations. Echinococcus granulosus and related species cause cystic hydatid disease,…
Etiology Taenia solium, also known as the pork tapeworm , causes 2 different infections in children. In its normal life cycle, children can acquire the tapeworm form by ingestion of undercooked pork containing the larval cysts (see Chapter 328 ).…
Tapeworms are adult forms of cestodes , multicellular helminth parasites, that live in human intestines and cause non–life-threatening illness. Invasive larval forms of cestodes are associated with cysts that lead to severe human disease such as neurocysticercosis ( Taenia solium…
Several different trematodes , or flukes, can parasitize humans and cause disease. Flukes are endemic worldwide but are more prevalent in the less developed parts of the world. They include Schistosoma, or the blood flukes (see Chapter 326 ), as…