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Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula Seema Khan Sravan Kumar Reddy Matta Keywords VACTERL polyhydramnios Esophageal atresia (EA) is the most common congenital anomaly of the esophagus, with a prevalence of 1.7 per 10,000 live births. Of these, >90% have an associated tracheoesophageal…
The esophagus is a hollow muscular tube, separated from the pharynx above and the stomach below by two tonically closed sphincters. Its primary function is to convey ingested material from the mouth to the stomach. Largely lacking digestive glands and…
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With the exception of mumps (see Chapter 275 ), diseases of the salivary glands are rare in children. Bilateral enlargement of the submaxillary glands can occur in HIV/AIDS, cystic fibrosis, Epstein-Barr virus infection, malnutrition, and transiently during acute asthmatic attacks.…
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis Oropharyngeal infection with Candida albicans (thrush, moniliasis) (see Chapter 261.1 ) is common in neonates from contact with the organism in the birth canal or contact with the breast during breastfeeding. The lesions of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) appear…
Traumatic oral injuries may be categorized into 3 groups: injuries to teeth, injuries to soft tissue (contusions, abrasions, lacerations, punctures, avulsions, and burns), and injuries to jaw (mandibular and/or maxillary fractures). Injuries to Teeth Approximately 10% of children between 18 mo…
The periodontium includes the gingiva, alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament (see Fig. 338.5 ). Gingivitis Poor oral hygiene results in the accumulation of dental plaque at the tooth-gingival interface that activates an inflammatory response, expressed as localized or generalized…
Etiology The development of dental caries depends on interrelationships among the tooth surface, dietary carbohydrates, and specific oral bacteria. Organic acids produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates reduce the pH of dental plaque adjacent to the tooth to a…
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