Introduction Elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction is a successful treatment for overhead athletes with UCL injuries. Although excellent results can be expected in approximately 85% of patients, there is a rather high complication rate. Cain et al. reported complications in…
Introduction The medial ulnar collateral ligament (MCL) of the elbow is the primary stabilizer to valgus stress and is most commonly injured in the overhead-throwing athlete. Ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency is surgically managed with MCL reconstruction, or “Tommy John surgery,”…
Introduction Activities such as throwing, lifting, and gymnastics generate large stresses across the elbow joint, which can result in a multitude of pathologies. In skeletally immature athletes, these stresses, combined with the developing bony anatomy and unique physeal biomechanics, lead…
Introduction Throwing places unique demands on the elbow, resulting in predictable injury patterns. In the late cocking and early acceleration phases of throwing, valgus torques are estimated to reach 64 N-m and angular velocities of 5000 degrees per second as…
Anatomy of the Triceps Tendon The triceps muscle is composed of three muscle heads, hence its name. The lateral, long, and medial heads of the triceps have a common insertion, the triceps tendon proper, on the posterior part of the…
Introduction Distal biceps tendon ruptures are relatively rare injuries, with a reported incidence of about one per 100,000 persons per year. Most injuries occur in male laborers and athletes, with a peak incidence in the fourth and fifth decades. Several…
Introduction Injuries to the distal biceps tendon were at one time thought to be rare. Presently, however, these injuries are relatively common. This increase in the identification of distal biceps tendon injuries is multifactorial and likely due to improved patient…
Introduction Surgical intervention is not commonly required to treat epicondylitis, and nonoperative management is usually successful in about 90% of patients. Similarly, when surgery is performed, a 90% success rate is typically reported, interestingly, regardless of the surgical technique. a…
Introduction As with the lateral elbow we prefer the term tendinosis to epicondylitis as the problem is in the common flexor tendons not the epicondyle. The histopathology (see Chapter 59 ) has no inflammatory cells. Medial elbow tendinosis is less…
Introduction Over the last several years one of the most significant changes in the practice of managing epicondylar tendinopathy has been the introduction of ultrasound (US)-guided treatment. This in turn prompted the development of a percutaneous ultrasonic treatment of the…