I Embryology and Anatomy A General 1. Paired, retroperitoneal glands superior and medial to kidney 2. Weight 4–5 g; yellow in color because of high lipid content B Arterial Supply 1. Superior adrenal artery—branch of inferior phrenic artery 2. Middle…
I Parathyroid Embryology and Anatomy A Embryology 1. Superior parathyroid glands—derived from fourth branchial pouch (same as thyroid) a. Most common location: posterior aspect of upper and middle thyroid lobes at level of cricoid cartilage (80%) b. Alternative locations: tracheoesophageal…
I Embryology A Thyroid Development 1. At 3 weeks’ gestation, this is the first endocrine organ to develop. 2. It originates as an outgrowth of the pharyngeal endoderm at the base of the tongue (foramen cecum). 3. Epithelialized endoderm migrates…
I General Considerations A History and Epidemiology 1. First pancreas transplant was performed in 1966 at the University of Minnesota. 2. More than 25,000 US and 10,000 worldwide pancreas transplants have taken place since the original operation. 3. Type 2…
I General Considerations A History 1. 1967—Starzl performed the first successful liver transplant. 2. 1983—Venovenous bypass was introduced for use during anhepatic phase; cyclosporine was approved for transplant immunosuppression. 3. 1984—Broelsch and associates introduced the reduced-size liver transplantation. 4. 1989—first…
I General Considerations A History and Epidemiology 1. First kidney transplant performed between identical twins by Joseph Murray in 1954 2. Early transplantation halted by lack of adequate immunosuppression a. Initially attempted total body irradiation and mercaptopurine (6-MP), which had…
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Cirrhosis is the end-stage of chronic liver disease characterized by degeneration of the normal hepatic architecture and replacement with fibrosis. Clinically these patients present with loss of hepatocellular function, including coagulopathy, encephalopathy, and jaundice. The hepatocellular fibrosis causes increased resistance…
I Gallbladder Cancer A General Considerations 1. In the United States, 1.2 cases per 100,000 people annually; worldwide, sixth most common gastrointestinal tumor and represents more than 80% of biliary tumors 2. Found in 0.1%–0.5% of all cholecystectomy specimens 3.…
I Anatomy A Gallbladder 1. Pear-shaped sac lying in gallbladder fossa on inferior surface of liver with 30–50-mL capacity, greater than 300-mL capacity when obstructed 2. Divided into four anatomic portions: fundus, corpus, infundibulum, and neck 3. Demarcates anatomic division…