Revised January 7, 2021 Historical Background The first time that the term entérocoque was used appears to have been in an article in the French literature in 1899. The article was referring to a diplococcus found in the gastrointestinal (GI)…
Revised July 1, 2020 Long recognized for causing asymptomatic colonization and as a prominent cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, sinusitis, and otitis media, Streptococcus pneumoniae is likely the most common cause of serious bacterial respiratory infection in both children and…
Reviewed for currency November 8, 2020 Rheumatic Fever Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a disease characterized by nonsuppurative inflammatory lesions involving primarily the heart, joints, subcutaneous tissues, and central nervous system. In its classic form, ARF is acute, febrile, and…
Revised December, 2019 Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus; [GAS]) is one of the most important bacterial pathogens of humans. This ubiquitous organism is the most frequent bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis, and it also gives rise to a variety of…
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The genus Staphylococcus, with more than 80 recognized species and subspecies ( ) is one of the most abundant microbes inhabiting normal human skin and mucous membranes. They infrequently cause primary invasive disease and are most commonly encountered by…
Revised July 1, 2020 Staphylococcus aureus is a highly successful opportunistic pathogen. It is a frequent colonizer of the skin and mucosa of humans and animals (it is present in the anterior nares of up to 30% of the healthy…
Bacteria, the oldest forms of life on earth, are remarkably diverse and exist in astounding numbers. Diseases caused by bacteria include some of the most common infections in the world and some of the most important human scourges, past, present,…
Until 1987, infections by members of the family Anaplasmataceae, including the genera Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Neorickettsia, were known mainly as veterinary diseases ( Table 192.1 ). Canine ehrlichiosis was first described in 1935 by Donatien and Lestoquard in Algeria. This…
History The earliest clinical reports of possible scrub typhus date back to the Chinese manual Zhouhofang in 313 bc . In 1810 the association of a febrile illness with mite transmission was made in the Niigata Prefecture in Japan, which…