Bone marrow failure may manifest as a single cytopenia (e.g., erythroid, myeloid, or megakaryocytic) or as pancytopenia. It may present with a hypoplastic or aplastic marrow or result from invasion of the bone marrow by neoplastic or nonneoplastic (e.g., storage…
Lymphadenopathy Enlarged lymph nodes are commonly found in children. Lymphadenopathy might be caused by proliferation of cells intrinsic to the node, such as lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes, or histiocytes, or by infiltration of cells extrinsic to the node, such as…
Overview Nutritional anemias result from deficiencies of micronutrients that are essential for hematopoiesis and clinically defined by the presence of anemia with an inappropriately low reticulocyte count response by the marrow to the degree of anemia. Nutritional anemias are often…
Classification and diagnosis Anemia is defined as a reduction in hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, or red cell mass by more than two standard deviations below the mean for age and sex for the normal population. The normal ranges are also affected…
A variety of systemic illnesses, including acute and chronic infections, neoplastic diseases, connective tissue disorders, and storage diseases, are associated with hematologic manifestations. The hematologic manifestations are the result of the following mechanisms: bone marrow dysfunction, anemia or erythrocytosis, thrombocytopenia…
Over the last decade, molecular diagnostic testing in patients with hematologic and oncologic disorders has become increasingly sophisticated and prevalent. While in the past focused genetic tests were performed, in recent years the widespread use of genomic and molecular approaches…