Introduction With significant changes to the epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE) in recent years, it is important to highlight which pathogens are the major causes of this disease. In the United States, Staphylococcus aureus has overtaken Streptococcus species as the…
Introduction The diagnosis of infectious endocarditis is quite often complex and may be among the most challenging diagnoses facing today's medical providers. Patients can present with a multitude of clinical signs and symptoms and existing diagnostic testing and criteria are…
Epidemiology Introduction The clinical features of infective endocarditis were first described in the 16th century by Jean François Fernel, a French physician who first introduced the term ‘physiology’ to describe the study of the function of living things [ ].…