Funding and Acknowledgments JMM received a personal 80:20 research grant from Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain, during 2017–19. AD received postdoctoral grants for his stay at the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona from the Lundbeck Foundation…
Introduction Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), including the permanent pacemaker (PPM), implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices, provide life-saving intervention for a variety of clinically indicated cardiac conditions. However, their associated short-term and long-term outcomes are…
Introduction Opioid use disorder (OUD) with injection drug use has reached epidemic levels with endocarditis as a major potential medical complication increasing the risk of mortality. There has been an increase in the number of hospitalizations, particularly among patients who…
Introduction Despite modern advances in the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis (IE), inpatient mortality rate for patients with IE remains high at 15%–20% [ ]. In IE patients with neurologic complications, mortality has been reported to be as high…
Introduction The postoperative course of patients with infective endocarditis is marked by relatively high mortality, with increased risk of severe complications leading to prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital lengths of stay. Nevertheless, over 90% of endocarditis patients who…
Introduction In-hospital mortality for patients with infective endocarditis (managed medically and/or surgically) remains high, ranging from 10% to 20% [ ]. At 6 months, nearly 30% of patients will have died, and at roughly 7 years, mortality will be over…
Introduction Incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) continues to increase, with an estimated 15 cases per 100,000 people in the United States in 2018. Gram-positive cocci are most frequently the source of infection, including streptococcus, staphylococcus, and enterococcus species. IE secondary…
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare disease but with devastating consequences. In-hospital mortality rates of left-sided endocarditis are around 20%, and 5-year mortality rates are up to 40% despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment [ ]. High mortality and…
Introduction Current European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis (IE) require the association of an infective syndrome and confirmation of endocardial involvement to establish…
Echocardiography is an essential imaging modality for the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis. It is often the first imaging study ordered when endocarditis is suspected, and serial echocardiographic exams are commonly performed to follow course of illness and inform…