Clinical Keys for this Chapter ▪ Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is caused by an alteration of normal vaginal bacterial flora that results in the loss of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli, thereby allowing an overgrowth of predominantly anaerobic bacteria. Women with BV are…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Acute pelvic pain of sudden onset can be caused by both gynecologic and nongynecologic disorders. Adnexal accidents such as rupture or torsion of ovarian cysts, pelvic infections, tubal rupture of ectopic pregnancies, and aborting…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ The adnexa are composed of the ovaries and fallopian tubes, along with the blood vessels, ligaments, and connective tissues located along both sides of the uterus. Benign ovarian masses may be classified as functional,…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Uterine fibroids (also called leiomyomas) are benign smooth muscle tumors, and about 80% are asymptomatic. They are very common, with an estimated prevalence of 70% by the sixth decade of life. Uterine tumors presenting…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Benign vulvovaginal problems are among the ten leading disorders encountered by primary care clinicians in the United States. Women with these disorders commonly present with irritation and pruritus (itching), but many conditions are asymptomatic…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Real-time (two-dimensional [2D]) ultrasonic imaging of the uterus, placenta, fetus, and cervix has become important for assessment of almost all pregnancies in the United States. Early in pregnancy, ultrasonic imaging is important for pregnancy…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Diabetes and thyroid disorders are among the most common and consequential medical conditions that occur during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period. Diabetes may precede pregnancy or may occur because of pregnancy, with a…
Clinical Keys for this Chapter ▪ In this chapter, the term hydrops fetalis refers to immune (or rhesus [Rh] antibody-mediated) hydrops fetalis and is synonymous with the older term erythroblastosis fetalis. Hydrops fetalis is a form of in utero heart…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Preeclampsia (sometimes called toxemia of pregnancy ) is a multisystem disorder that is thought to arise as a consequence of inadequate cytotrophoblastic invasion of the spiral uterine arteries and failure to establish the normal…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ In the United States and other developed countries, multiple gestations have increased, and currently account for at least 3.5% of live births. The two major reasons for this increase have been the use of…