Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Both genetic and environmental factors determine the onset of pubertal change in young girls. Puberty may be delayed or may occur earlier, depending on nutrition-related factors and physical activity. Obesity causes earlier onset of…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Imaging studies are used in gynecology to evaluate pelvic masses and also to assist in oocyte retrieval. Common modalities used include ultrasonography, sonohysterography, computed axial tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, mammography, and hysterosalpingography. ▪ Before…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Mammographic screening of asymptomatic women after the age of 40 years decreases the mortality of breast cancer. About 40% of cancers detected by mammographic screening are not clinically apparent. ▪ Hyperplasia is the most…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Intimate partner violence, formerly called domestic violence, is defined as intentionally abusive or controlling behavior by a person who is (or was) in an intimate or close relationship with the victim. The relationship may…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Sexuality and sexual expression are important aspects of human behavior. Recent liberalization of attitudes about sexuality and sexual expression has allowed the diversity of sexual behavior to be acknowledged. Although sexual expression is unlikely…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ There are three types of interventions available in family planning to prevent unwanted pregnancies. The first is contraception, which prevents fertilization by blocking the union of the gametes. The second is interception, which works…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ During the reproductive years (puberty to menopause), menstrual bleeding normally occurs every 24 to 38 days, except during the first few years of menstruation, during and for a short time after pregnancy and lactation,…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in extrauterine locations. An accurate prevalence for endometriosis is not known, but it is estimated that about 10% of women of reproductive age…
Clinical Keys for this Chapter ▪ Ectopic pregnancy refers to those pregnancies that implant outside the uterine cavity. Although more than 95% of ectopic pregnancies implant in the fallopian tube, occasionally they may implant in other sites, such as the…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Effective clinical evaluation of patients with disorders of the female pelvic floor, such as pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and stress urinary incontinence (SUI), requires a clear understanding of female pelvic anatomy. Defects of vaginal…