The spectrum of uterine lesions of mesenchymal and mixed mesenchymal-epithelial type has expanded in recent years, largely due to the cumulative experience reported in larger case series, as well as the identification of recurrent gene fusions and other molecular alterations.…
The spectrum of Endometrial Glandular Neoplasia is wide and includes different types of etiologically, morphologically, and/or molecularly distinct entities. In this chapter, the rationale for the new classification of precursors of endometrial carcinoma and the main types of endometrial carcinoma…
Introduction The conditions presented in this chapter represent a wide spectrum of physiologic and pathologic endometrial changes. Their proper identification is important to exclude malignancy and provide correlation with the clinical context. A list of simplified evidence and consensus-based terminology…
Squamous Columnar Junction and the Transformation Zone The squamous columnar junction (SCJ) is defined as the border between stratified squamous epithelium of the exocervix and glandular epithelium of the endocervix. The SCJ is constantly subjected to hormonal influences, and as…
The uterine cervix is divided into ectocervix, endocervix, and transformation zone. The ectocervix is lined by mature glycogenated squamous epithelium comprised of basal and parabasal cells, which progressively mature as they move towards the mid and superficial layers. Maturation is…
Primary neoplasms of the vagina, whether benign or malignant, are rare. Primary carcinomas are the most common malignant tumors and account for approximately 2% of all gynecologic malignancies. Among vaginal carcinomas, in situ and invasive squamous carcinomas are most frequent.…
Congenital Anomalies Anatomic anomalies of the female reproductive tract occur in 7% of females. They can be secondary to defects in fusion of the Müllerian ducts or abnormal development of the urogenital sinus or cloaca in which the vagina is…
Introduction Mesenchymal lesions that occur in the vulva and vagina can be separated into two general categories: (1) those that are relatively site-specific, i.e., they may occasionally occur at extragenital sites; and (2) those that occur more commonly at other…
Extramammary Paget Disease Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is defined as an intraepithelial adenocarcinoma that primarily involves the epidermis outside the breast. Clinical Features This lesion accounts for only 1% of vulvar cancers. EMPD typically occurs in postmenopausal white women and…
Preinvasive Vulvar Squamous Neoplasia In 1986 the International Society for the Study of Vulvar Disease (ISSVD) endorsed the term “vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia” (VIN) to describe in situ dysplastic conditions of the vulvar epithelium, to replace the myriad of other diagnostic…