Synopsis Primary cleft lips are congenital and result from a failure of the medial nasal prominence of the frontonasal process to join with the maxillary process during embryogenesis. Variability in primary cleft lip defects consists of a spectrum based on…
Synopsis Repair of a bilateral cleft lip deformity is challenging yet rewarding. Many surgeons find it hard to achieve results comparable to those of unilateral repairs. Poorly planned surgeries can leave noticeable residual deformities. There is a combination of genetic…
Synopsis Caring for the unilateral cleft lip patient extends far beyond primary cleft lip repair. The complex needs of the cleft patient and family evolve as the child ages; therefore, a longitudinal multidisciplinary team approach is obligatory for proper care.…
Synopsis Free tissue transfer (“free flap”) reconstruction is commonly used to address defects of the body after trauma or tumor resection. A wide variety of tissue flaps exist, and flap selection should be based on requirements for coverage at the…
Synopsis Microsurgical techniques are performed with an operating microscope and specialized instruments. They are useful when a skin graft or local flap(s) cannot adequately achieve reconstruction and in replantation surgery or nerve repair. The goal of microsurgical procedures is to…
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Synopsis Local skin flaps are time-honored methods of soft tissue reconstruction and frequently represent the ideal mode of reconstruction because they permit defect coverage with skin of similar color, thickness, and texture. Successful reconstruction using local skin flaps, however, requires…
Synopsis Fractures are prevalent worldwide, regardless of the economic status of the country. In low-income or middle-income countries, fracture treatment may be lacking or suboptimal. Acute fractures and complications such as malunion and nonunion have serious consequences that often interfere…
Synopsis Tendons are connective tissues that connect muscle to bone. They are instrumental in transmitting forces generated by muscle to move bones and joints. Tendon injuries are relatively common throughout the world and can significantly affect hand function. Various methods…
Synopsis Nerve injuries can occur anywhere in the body. Reconstructive surgeons most commonly encounter them in the extremities or on the face. The management of nerve injuries requires a methodical pre-operative examination. Adjunct studies such as electrodiagnostic tests can be…