Ureter Ureteritis Cystica Et Glandularis Clinical Features One of the most common non-neoplastic urothelial proliferations Reactive urothelial proliferation that develops following an inflammatory stimulus Typically asymptomatic and found incidentally Gross Pathology Nodular cobblestone appearance due to numerous small, superficial, fluid-filled…
Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency (Addison Disease) Clinical Features Primary Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency Etiology Autoimmune etiology in 75% to 90% of cases, with circulating autoantibodies to endocrine antigens (21-OH, P-450scc, and 17-OH) Other causes include infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, hemorrhage (sepsis),…
Nonneoplastic Entities Chronic Pancreatitis Clinical Features Defined by irreversible loss of pancreatic parenchyma and function caused by inflammation Patients present with recurrent attacks of abdominal and back pain and evidence of loss of pancreatic function including exocrine insufficiency (malabsorption and…
Viral Hepatitis Clinical Features Hepatitis A Virus Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus (picornavirus) Transmission route: fecal-oral Incubation: 2 to 6 weeks Self-limited Not associated with chronic carrier state, chronic hepatitis, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Hepatitis B Virus Partially circular double-stranded DNA…
Esophagus Congenital and Acquired Esophageal Abnormalities Clinical Features Esophageal Ectopias Gastric Affects up to 20% of population Found in cervical esophagus; referred to as inlet patch ( Figure 6.1 ) May produce peptic symptoms in older patients Rare examples of…
Thymic Cyst Clinical Features Uncommon; constitutes less than 10% of mediastinal cysts May be congenital or acquired Found in the anterior mediastinum but may occur in ectopic locations such as neck, pleura, and posterior mediastinum Invariably benign Age range: 20…
Non-Neoplastic Conditions Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation Clinical Features Uncommon developmental anomaly predominantly seen in infants that has features of both immaturity and malformation of the airways and distal lung parenchyma (formerly congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation [CCAM]) Often detected by antenatal…
Thyroid Gland Granulomatous Thyroiditis (De Quervain Thyroiditis) Clinical Features Also called subacute thyroiditis Presents with clinically marked tenderness of thyroid, fever, sore throat, and malaise most likely related to systemic viral illness Most commonly affects middle-aged women Majority of cases…
Inflammatory Conditions Superficial Perivascular Dermatitis Dermatitis With Minimal Epidermal Changes Superficial Dermatophytosis (Tinea) Clinical Features Caused by three genera of imperfect fungi— Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, and Microsporum —that cause superficial infections involving keratinized tissues such as the cornified layer of epidermis,…
Light Microscopy Tissue Processing Overview Fixation Preserves tissues in situ as close to the lifelike state as possible Ideally, fixation will be carried out as soon as possible after removal of the tissues, and the fixative will kill the tissue…