HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC INJURY Key Points Background Hypoxic ischemic injury (HII) typically refers to a combination of a hypoxic and hypoperfusion injury to the fetal or neonatal brain. Clinical manifestations of HII include low Apgar scores (0–3 at 5 minutes and…
INTRODUCTION Brain malformations represent a disruption of normal development and can be caused by genetic, infectious, ischemic, and hemorrhagic factors. As seen in Table 2.1 , the time at which the insult occurs during development will determine the malformation. Because…
INTRODUCTION The human brain is a fascinating and essentially miraculous structure with layers upon layers of complexity in its anatomic organization, microscopic connectivity, biochemical workings, and functions. No human can grasp all of the complexity that allows the brain to…