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Imaging Techniques
ULTRASOUND ANATOMY TECHNIQUE: HEAD Protocol 1 Coronal (15L probe) a Assess extra-axial space and cortex b Assess germinal matrix Anatomic Structures MF – Middle frontal gyrus SFS – Superior frontal sulcus SF – Superior frontal gyrus Cs – Cingulate sulcus CG – Cingulate gyrus CC – Corpus callosum CH – Caudate head LV – Lateral ventricle…
Normal Anatomy
LOBAR ANATOMY Anatomic Structures F – Frontal lobe O – Occipital lobe P – Parietal lobe POF – Parietal-occipital fissure S – Sylvian fissure T – Temporal lobe CENTRAL SULCUS Anatomic Structures C – Central sulcus Cs – Cingulate sulcus F – Frontal lobe IPL – Inferior parietal lobule IPS – Intraparietal sulcus Interhemispheric falx (red) M – Marginal sulcus O – Occipital lobe P – Parietal lobe…
Differential Diagnoses, Summaries, and Imaging Pitfalls
FETAL VENTRICULOMEGALY Isolated Mild Unilateral Ventriculomegaly Brain structurally normal Good prognosis Isolated Bilateral Ventriculomegaly Brain structurally normal Often mild Good prognosis Porencephaly CSF-filled cavity Communicates (usually) with ventricle Ischemia and infection most common causes Hemorrhage Variety of maternal and fetal…
Spine Trauma
INTRODUCTION Background The majority (80%) of pediatric spine trauma occurs in the cervical spine and annual incidence is 1% to 2%. Pediatric spine trauma is most commonly secondary to motor vehicle accidents (52%), sports injury (27%), falls (15%), and nonaccidental…
Infection, Inflammatory, Demyelination, and Vascular Disorders
INTRODUCTION Background Infectious, inflammatory, and demyelinating disorders of the spinal cord are commonly encountered in children. Children typically present with acute neurologic signs and symptoms, including sensory and motor deficits, hyporeflexia or hyperreflexia, and bowel or bladder incontinence. Lumbar puncture…
Spine Masses
APPROACH TO SPINE MASSES Key Points Background Spinal masses include those arising from the central nervous system, as well as those arising from other organ systems with either direct extension or systemic spread to the spine. It is important to…
Spine Malformations
SPINE MALFORMATION: EMBRYOLOGY AND APPROACH Spine Embryology The formation of the spine occurs from the second to sixth weeks of gestation through: Gastrulation (weeks 2–3): conversion of a bilaminar to trilaminar layer with the middle layer of the mesoderm. Primary…
Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders of the Head and Neck
INTRODUCTION Background Head and neck infections are extremely common in children. Locations of infections include the lymph nodes, salivary glands, aerodigestive tract, orbit, sinuses, and temporal bone. Consequently, an initial approach to head and neck infections and inflammatory conditions includes…
Neck, Face, Orbit, and Temporal Bone Masses
APPROACH TO NECK MASSES BACKGROUND AND APPROACH TO NECK MASSES Neck masses are commonly encountered in children, and a wide range of etiologies is possible such that familiarity with anatomic locations and a diagnostic approach is necessary in order to…