Introduction Functional neurosurgery is a neurosurgical procedure done for improvement of symptoms by making small well-circumscribed lesions or through neuromodulation by brain, spinal cord, or nerve stimulation. It involves surgical management of central nervous system (CNS) disorders that do not…
Introduction Endoscopy allows direct vision of brain structures without the need for large cranial openings. Neuroendoscopic transcortical intraventricular approach, adopted in the early 1920s thanks to Walter Dandy among all, has permitted neurosurgeons to access deep structures within both the…
Introduction History The endoscope was used for the first time in the treatment of hydrocephalus by L’Espinasse in 1910. Later, Dandy pioneered this technique and was named, “the father of neuroendoscopy.” Soon, the endoscope found its place for various neurosurgical…
Introduction Postoperative visual loss (POVL) after nonocular surgery is an uncommon but devastating complication. POVL is most common after cardiac surgery followed by prone spine and head and neck procedures, with a national incidence ranging from 0.03 to 0.28% in…
Introduction Over the past few decades, spinal surgery has evolved into an extremely specialized field; highly complex instrumentation procedures are increasingly being performed, across all age groups, and often through minimally invasive approaches. Needless to say, successful outcome of these…
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The neuroendocrine system is responsible for the maintenance of milieu interior and facilitation of reproduction through secretion of various hormones. These hormones are regulated by interactions and feedback loops between the central nervous system, the endocrine glands, and the target…
Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest Historical Use of Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest in Neuroanesthesia In 1955, Lougheed et al. demonstrated that cerebral injury due to anoxia from arrest of cerebral circulation in animals could be reduced under hypothermic conditions. In the same year,…
Intracerebral Hemorrhage Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is an important and common cause of stroke, which has the most devastating consequences. It is characterized by abrupt onset of severe headache, altered level of consciousness, or focal neurological deficit associated with focal collection…
Introduction Despite the advent of novel endovascular options and the advancement of microsurgical techniques and instruments, a small subset of intracranial aneurysms present a challenge to the neurovascular practitioner. Intracranial aneurysms of large or giant dimensions may be difficult to…