Key Points 1. Three unpaired cartilages (thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis) and three sets of paired cartilages (arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform) constitute the laryngeal framework. 2. Extrinsic laryngeal muscles reposition the laryngeal framework craniocaudally and anteroposteriorly, especially during swallowing while the…
Key Points 1. Panfacial fractures require a comprehensive timing and treatment plan for each fracture. 2. Muscle pull can affect a fracture and must be considered to prevent complications. 3. Failure to diagnose and repair a medial canthal tendon injury…
Key Points 1. Manipulation of the traumatically injured airway during intubation attempts may lead to critical decompensation, which requires an immediate, emergent surgical airway. 2. Chest radiography in a trauma patient allows for rapid assessment of airway deviation, subcutaneous emphysema,…
Key Points 1. Every reconstructive plan should be tailored to the individual patient, taking into consideration not only the unique defect but also other perioperative and patient factors. 2. The ideal plan for one patient may not work for another.…
Key Points 1. Apply the concept of the “reconstructive ladder” when assessing the complexity of the required reconstructive method. The more problematic the wound, the more complex the reconstruction. 2. Cutaneous flaps are classified according to their blood supply, configuration,…
Key Points 1. The patient with facial nerve paralysis necessitates a thorough workup to delineate timing, mechanism, location, and extent of the injury. 2. Ophthalmologic care, whether medical and/or surgical, is crucial in the management of lagophthalmos due to facial…
Key Points 1. Of the botulinum toxins available, Botox® has the longest record of safety and efficacy as well as the most FDA-approved indications. However, due to similar mechanism of action and widespread off-label use, Dysport®, Xeomin®, and Jeuveau® may also…
Key Points 1. Facelift is a cosmetic procedure that involves elevating the tissues of the lower face and neck into a more youthful position. 2. There are several possible complications from facelift, including hematoma, nerve injury, skin necrosis, and contour…
Key Points 1. Skin resurfacing modalities and methods of action Chemical peels: caustic injury Dermabrasion: mechanical injury Laser: thermal injury 2. Different types of chemical peels Superficial chemical peels (epidermis): TCA 10% to 30%, Jessner’s solution, glycolic acid 40% to…
Key Points 1. Detailed knowledge of eyelid and orbital anatomy is crucial for any physician working in the periocular area. 2. There are a variety of surgical approaches to the orbit. The best choice depends on the size and location…