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Laryngeal and Esophageal Trauma
Key Points 1. Laryngeal fractures are uncommon injuries that may be associated with life-threatening airway compromise. 2. The first and most important step in the management of laryngeal trauma is to verify and secure a safe airway. 3. Esophagoscopy should…
Intubation and Tracheotomy
Key Points 1. A general rule for determining the size of the endotracheal tube (ET) in children is 4 + (age in years/4) for a cuffed tube and 3.5 + (age in years/4) for an uncuffed tube. It is generally…
Vocal Fold Paralysis
Key Points 1. Understand the embryology and anatomy of the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves (RLN and SLN). Unilateral or bilateral injury to one or both of these nerves can lead to a range of dysfunctions in voice, swallowing, and…
Benign Vocal Fold Lesions and Phonomicrosurgery
Key Points 1. Phonomicrosurgery is usually reserved for patients who have attempted and failed nonsurgical management, except in cases of very large or suspicious appearing vocal fold lesions. 2. Videolaryngostroboscopy should be performed during the evaluation of a vocal fold…
Dysphagia and Aspiration
Key Points 1. As many as 15 million people suffer from some level of dysphagia during their lifetime, with 1 million receiving a new diagnosis of dysphagia every year. 2. More than 60,000 Americans die from complications associated with dysphagia,…
Chronic Cough
Key Point 1 The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) current guidelines define acute and chronic cough and outline treatment recommendations for these disorders. Pearl 1. There are no targeted treatments for unexplained or neuropathic chronic cough but limited clinical…
Voice Disorders and Voice Therapy
Key Points 1. Most voice disorders have more than one etiologic factor, and medical, surgical, and behavioral therapies may be warranted individually or in combination at any time. 2. Treatment outcomes for voice disorders are driven by patient perception of…
Hoarseness and Dysphonia
Key Points 1. Acute laryngitis is often associated with a viral upper respiratory tract infection and resolves within 1 to 2 weeks without antibiotic therapy. 2. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is an inflammatory condition of the upper aerodigestive tract caused by the…
Laryngoscopy, Bronchoscopy, and Esophagoscopy
Key Points 1. Laryngoscopy is integral to otolaryngology and is required for both diagnosis and treatment in the clinic and the operating theater. 2. Rigid bronchoscopy is not only diagnostic but also therapeutic and can be the key tool in…