Key points 1. Adnexal masses are common, and careful evaluation is required before a therapeutic intervention is planned. 2. Masses are classified based on the workup for risk of malignant potential. Of all the variables, age is probably the most…
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) comprises a spectrum of neoplastic conditions derived from the placenta. Hydatidiform moles, gestational choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) are histologic diagnoses, whereas postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is defined by…
Key points 1. Invasive vulvar cancer is a relatively rare tumor, accounting for 4% of all female genital malignant neoplasms. 2. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva develops by human papillomavirus- (HPV-) dependent and HPV-independent pathways. 3. Sentinel lymph node…
Key points 1. Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium is the most common gynecologic malignancy, with both rising incidence and mortality. 2. Classically, endometrial cancer is divided into two histologic types: type I is endometrioid, and type II consists of uterine serous…
Introduction The endometrium is a dynamic tissue in reproductive age women. It is continuously cycling in response to hormonal, stromal, and vascular influences, with the ultimate goal of implanting an embryo and supporting the nutritional needs of the developing pregnancy.…
Key points 1. Conservative management of early-stage cervical cancer in young women should be considered if childbearing is important to that patient. 2. In many developing countries, cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in young women. 3.…
Key points 1. Vaccination for human papilloma virus (HPV) should decrease the incidence of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) of the vulva and vagina. 2. Lichen sclerosus is associated with vulvar cancer. 3. If there is any concern for malignancy,…
Key points 1. Persistent expression of human papillomavirus (HPV) is required for progression to cancer. 2. HPV vaccination has the potential to eradicate cervical cancer. 3. Screening guidelines have changed dramatically with the use of contesting and increased intervals between…