Liver Hepatocellular tumors Focal nodular hyperplasia DDX: Hepatocellular adenoma, well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, regenerative nodule Clinical features Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is the most common benign hepatocellular tumor and is thought to represent a localized, regenerative proliferation of hepatocytes in an…
Gliosis versus glioma Clinical features One of the most challenging differential diagnostic issues in surgical neuropathology is distinguishing between gliosis or reactive astrocytosis and an infiltrating low-grade glioma. Patients with low-grade gliomas may present at any age, although the peak…
Classic (usual-type/HPV-associated) vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia Differential diagnoses: Differentiated (HPV-independent) vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, and Paget disease Clinical features The term vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) describes non-invasive squamous lesions of the vulva, of which two…
Esophagus Gastroesophageal reflux esophagitis DDX: eosinophilic esophagitis, lymphocytic esophagitis, lichen planus, squamous dysplasia Clinical features Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is very common in Western countries, with a prevalence rate among adults in the United States estimated to be 20% to…