Almost any type of fracture can occur during athletic activities. This is because of the many different types of sports and the corresponding situations in which athletes are found. All athletes undertake various fracture risks with participation. Many of these…
The intricacies of many sports result in patterns of injury that are different compared with those of the general athletic population. It is important that health care providers caring for professional and nonprofessional athletes are familiar with their specific needs…
The first arthroscope was developed in 1920 with an optical cannula diameter of 7.3 mm by Dr. Kenji Takagi from Tokyo. His idea to look inside a closed knee with an instrument, a cystoscope, in 1918 came from his interest in…
Imaging is important in the diagnosis and management of orthopedic disorders and sports-related injuries. Athletic injuries are common among all age groups. Patients are becoming more knowledgeable with respect to their injuries and the imaging modalities available to diagnose them.…
Exercise physiology is the identification and study of the physiologic mechanisms underlying physical activity and the body's response and adaptation to exercise. Most training programs used by athletes, whether they are for strength or endurance, aim to change the underlying…
The human body possesses a tremendous healing potential. However, despite its innate restorative capacity, in many instances the body's ability to heal is limited. Musculoskeletal tissues such as tendon, ligament, and cartilage present challenges to clinicians because these tissues tend…
Sports injuries in athletes are commonly associated with injury to soft tissues, specifically tendons, ligaments, menisci, and cartilage. Common tendon and ligament injuries in the physically active population include rotator cuff tears, Achilles tendinopathy, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, and…
Graft tissue is widely used in sports medicine for soft tissue reconstruction and augmentation of ligaments and tendons. Understanding the physiology of fixation and incorporation of tendon and/or bone within the tunnels is important for the surgeon, because this knowledge…
Biomechanics is an interdisciplinary field that uses the principles of mechanics to improve the human body through design, development, and analysis of equipment, systems, and therapies. This biomechanical knowledge can help in understanding the loading of the musculoskeletal system and…
Tendon and Ligament Structure Tendons and ligaments are both dense, regularly arranged connective tissues. The surface of the tendon is enveloped in a white, glistening, synovial-like membrane, called the epitenon , which is continuous on its inner surface with the…