Ergot is a parasitic fungal disease that is caused by the organism Claviceps purpurea and that has a particular prevalence for infecting rye plants. Ergot and the ergot alkaloids have been linked to epidemic poisonings that manifested as ergotism and…
Thromboangiitis obliterans, or Buerger’s disease, is a relatively uncommon vascular disorder. It is considered a nonatherosclerotic, inflammatory occlusive disease that most commonly affects the intermediate and small arteries and veins of the extremities. Although there is a striking link with…
Subclavian and axillary artery aneurysms account for less than 1% of all peripheral artery aneurysms. Among 1488 patients with atherosclerotic aneurysms reported from the University of Michigan by Dent and colleagues in 1972, only two subclavian and no axillary artery…
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) can be defined as the anatomic condition that produces pathologic compression of the subclavian or axillary arteries in their course through the thoracic outlet. Arterial compression can occur as an anatomic state in which the…
The supraclavicular approach is a mainstay in the surgical treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS), providing excellent exposure for safe and definitive decompression of the relevant neurovascular structures and the flexibility to manage the spectrum of circumstances that may be…
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The clinical presentation of the thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) depends on the specific structures compressed, giving rise to three distinct conditions: neurogenic TOS, venous TOS, and arterial TOS. All three types are rare conditions, and diagnosis dependd on clinical suspicion,…
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) arises when structures in the thoracic outlet are compromised. Although it is commonly considered as one entity, TOS actually consists of three distinct conditions: neurogenic TOS, venous TOS, and arterial TOS. All three have different pathophysiology,…
Alexander performed the first cervical sympathectomy in 1889. A little more than a quarter of a century later, thoracic sympathectomy (TS) for hyperhidrosis became popular. Kotzareff was credited with the first TS for hyperhidrosis, and it was found that surgery…