Esophagus Normal Anatomy The esophagus extends from the pharynx to the cardia of the stomach. It is 20 to 25 cm in length and distends up to 30 mm wide but is collapsed at rest. It may be divided into three parts:…
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have proven useful for the diagnosis of many peritoneal and mesenteric problems. Even in the absence of a primary peritoneal problem, many secondary signs that add valuable insights about other disorders may…
The spleen is well evaluated with current cross-sectional imaging modalities. The primary imaging technique continues to be computed tomography (CT), although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become important for lesion characterization. Ultrasonography is also used frequently, although there may be…
Embryology At the end of the third week of gestation, the primitive gastrointestinal (GI) tract of an embryo consists of a straight tube suspended from the esophagus to the rectum by the dorsal mesentery, which contains the vascular supply. In…
Whether the pancreas is adorable or not is a debatable issue; however, advanced cross-sectional imaging has permitted generation of excellent and exquisite images of the pancreas, which in turn has contributed immensely to the assessment of pancreatic diseases. Ultrasonography (US)…
History Transplantation of the liver is the definitive treatment for irreversible acute and chronic liver disease. The first successful liver transplant was performed by Starlz in 1967 on a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma, who survived for more than 1 year.…
Focal hepatic mass lesions can be divided into: (1) pseudolesions or pseudotumors, (2) nontumorous mass lesions, including cysts and inflammatory masses, (3) benign tumors, and (4) primary and secondary malignant tumors. Ultrasonography plays a primary role in detection of focal…
Over more than 3 millennia the liver held a central and unsurpassed role among all human organs, manifested in coeval theogony, poetry, and fairy tales. The liver was chosen to be the seat of the soul, intelligence, and passion, equipped…
Biliary Tract Normal Anatomy and Variants On high-resolution computed tomography (CT), normal intrahepatic bile ducts (IHDs) appear as linear water-density structures accompanying the portal vein branches. Normal IHDs measure less than 3 mm. They appear to be randomly scattered throughout the…
Introduction Plain film radiography is the first-line imaging modality in the evaluation of pediatric chest disorders. However, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are increasingly being used and are more valuable for further characterization of pediatric chest abnormalities.…