Anatomy and Definition of Injury The peripheral nerve is a complex structure with three layers surrounding the axons. The endoneurium is a connective tissue matrix that surrounds individual axons. The perineurium binds the axons into fascicles and it provides tensile…
This chapter will serve as a review of the evaluation and management of tumors of the foot and ankle. We will highlight the diagnostic importance of the history and physical as well as the use of various imaging modalities to…
Diagnosing Skin Disease on the Lower Extremity A patient presenting with a skin condition can prove to be a challenge to diagnose and manage. When faced with a patient with a skin condition in the office, the practitioner should have…
Burns Burns of the foot pose unique and difficult problems in initial management, reconstruction, and attainment of long-term functional results. The primary reconstructive goals for this region are unimpeded ambulation and pain-free weight bearing. These objectives can be achieved by…
The nails are special cutaneous appendages that have the primary function of protecting the distal phalanx. Only primates have toenails, and whether the first primates with flat nails had an advantage over their peers by being able to remove parasites…
Keratotic lesions of the plantar skin result from friction, pressure, shearing, or a combination of these mechanisms. They are often related to underlying bony prominences, muscle imbalance leading to atypical foot posture, or improper footwear. These must be distinguished from…
History Plantar heel pain is a common disease process that continues to challenge orthopaedic surgeons. Because of the complex anatomy around the heel and the plantar surface of the foot, the function and etiology of pain have been difficult to…
Galen is reported to have first coined the term sesamoid because of the resemblance of these small rounded bones to the sesame seed. The anatomic location of several of the sesamoids is constant, but the frequency of occurrence of other…
A bunionette deformity is characterized by a painful prominence of the lateral eminence of the fifth metatarsal head. The position of a tailor sitting in a cross-legged position has given rise to the term tailor ' s bunion to describe…
Lesser Toe Deformities Overview Lesser toe deformities can be static or dynamic. They can occur as isolated entities or be associated with deformities of the hallux, midfoot, or hindfoot. Poor footwear is the most commonly attributed cause of lesser toe…