Overview Stress fractures of the foot and ankle are common and can involve any bone from the tibia to the hallux sesamoids. This entity is a dynamic clinical syndrome that is characterized by exertional pain, localized tenderness, and swelling. Stress…
The literature concerning dysfunction of the Achilles tendon is confusing and contradictory, leaving a physician with a multitude of references that support not only varying etiologies but also treatment regimens diametrically opposed to one another. It would be impractical and…
Since its first appearance in the Surgery of the Foot and Ankle, Sixth Edition in 1992, the treatment of foot and ankle injuries in sport has continued to rapidly evolve. There has been an incredible explosion of knowledge related to…
Treatment by amputation has been seen as a procedure of last resort. The primary reason for amputation was geared to the preservation of life rather than a return to high levels of function or athletic endeavors. Although amputation has become…
Introduction Amputation of part or all of the foot may be the oldest form of foot surgery. Yet many surgeons abhor foot amputations, perhaps due to an innate repugnance of removing a body part, perhaps because amputation is seemingly so…
The foot provides a unique environment for the development of infections, which can be aggressive and result in significant disability. The foot’s environment is modified by footwear, trauma, systemic illness, and climate. Each of these factors can increase the susceptibility…
Background Both the burden of disease attributable to diabetes mellitus, and the incidence in our population, continues to rise. According to the National Diabetes Statistical Report, 2014, over 34 million Americans, or almost 10% of the population, are diabetic. Another…
Overview Ring fixation is an incredibly useful technique that adds a valuable dimension in the treatment of lower extremity deformity, ankle arthritis, and limb shortening when traditional methods are not practical. Familiarity with ring fixation is important for foot and…
Pes cavus describes a foot with a high arch that maintains its shapeand does not flatten out with weight bearing. The components of pes cavus, in order of frequency, are an increased calcaneal pitch and varus of the hindfoot, plantar…
Pes Planus The medial arch of the foot consists of a complex of fascia, ligaments, bone, and tendons that create a tough yet elastic structure that helps provide shock absorption and allow for a dynamic character of the foot to…