Key Concepts Simple episcleritis is usually benign and self-limiting. Simple episcleritis is much more common than nodular episcleritis. Nodular episcleritis has a well-demarcated, elevated area of inflammation. Severe discomfort is rare and may represent scleritis. Appearance is a brick red…
Key Concepts Compliance to proper hygiene is key. Single-use (daily) lenses are the safest type of contact lenses in terms of avoiding complications. Initial treatment for contact lens-induced keratitis is usually broad-spectrum antibiotic. In cases of contact lens-related keratitis, corticosteroids…
Key Concepts There is a role for contact lenses beyond the routine correction of refractive error. Innovations in lens materials and in lens design have expanded the role of contact lenses in the treatment of distorted corneas and in ocular…
Key Concepts The use of biological and chemical agents as weapons is not a new concept. Recognition and preparation are essential to limit exposure and treat victims. Anthrax, botulism, smallpox, vaccinia, tularemia, and the viral hemorrhagic fevers have characteristic ophthalmic…
Key Concepts Advances in our understanding of intraocular surgery and in surgical techniques have greatly reduced the rate of corneal complications after intraocular surgery. However, since cataract surgery is the most common surgery performed in the United States, even low…
Key Concepts Chemical injuries are true ophthalmic emergencies. Treatment should commence immediately—detailed history can wait. Copious irrigation with a neutral solution is primary treatment. Delayed treatment may result in penetration of chemical to anterior chamber. Remove particulate matter during irrigation.…
Key Concepts A complete history of the event leading to the injury is a key component of the evaluation of a patient with corneal trauma. Bandage contact lenses or antibiotics alone may offer advantages over patching in the setting of…
Key Concepts Mooren ulcer is an idiopathic peripheral ulcerative keratitis with the absence of scleral involvement and associated systemic diseases. An autoimmune reaction is the most accepted theory of its pathogenesis. There are several classifications of this disorder, but the…
Key Concepts Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis (PKC) and staphylococcal marginal keratitis are both hypersensitivity reactions to a microbial antigen. PKC is most likely a type IV hypersensitivity reaction (cell mediated) that causes nodular lesions on the conjunctiva and cornea. Staphylococcal marginal keratitis…
Key Concepts Collagen-vascular diseases can affect almost every layer of the eye. Etiology is largely unknown but involves autoimmune and possibly genetic factors. Anterior segment manifestations are most severe in granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a common cause…