Introduction Ultramarathon races represent any foot race longer than 42 km and can occur over single or multiple days. As the popularity of ultramarathon racing continues to grow throughout the world, there are an increasing number of races and participants,…
Introduction Evidence suggests as little as 15 minutes a day of aerobic exercise improves health outcomes and helps prevent and manage common chronic conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Running has only recently been studied in risk factor reduction…
Introduction Running is a popular sport among children and is continually increasing in participation each year. For the 2017–2018 season, the National Federation of High Schools Participation Survey of all 51 state cross-country and track and field associations documented a…
Introduction and Epidemiology Injuries of the foot and ankle are common among elite and recreational runners, accounting for nearly one-third of all running injuries. Foot injuries alone account for 10%–20% of all running injuries, and ankle injuries account for 15%…
Introduction Exertional leg pain (ELP) is defined as pain distal to the knee and proximal to the ankle that is associated with exertion. The incidence of ELP in the general population has not been studied. In runners, the incidence of…
Introduction Injuries to the knee are arguably the most common type of injury in runners. Though the differential diagnosis is quite broad (see Table 18.1 ), a more limited set account for the majority of complaints by runners. The purpose of…
Introduction Injuries of the hip, pelvis, and thigh are common in sporting activities, including running. Although less common than injuries in the more distal segments of the lower limbs, injuries to this region represent a large portion of running-related injuries.…
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder and a growing health concern in the United States. Approximately 10%–12% of the population, or 30.8 million adults, live with symptomatic OA in any joint. Aggregate annual medical care expenditures for…
Introduction Bone stress injuries (BSIs) represent an overuse form of injury resulting from the inability of bone to withstand repetitive loading. BSI may impact the runner's ability to continue sport participation in the short term but can also create long-term…
Introduction and Epidemiology Bone stress injuries (BSIs) result when bone is unable to withstand repetitive, mechanical loading due to factors that disrupt bone load, bone strength, or bone remodeling. BSIs are a common concern in runners. Studies suggest that BSIs…