Pachychoroid Concept The term pachychoroid was first introduced by K. Bailey Freund and colleagues when describing a series of eyes showing retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) disturbances associated with an abnormally thick choroid but occurring in the absence of subretinal fluid.…
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a disorder characterized by serous retinal detachment and/or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) detachment. These changes are usually confined to the macula but may be multifocal and more widespread. It is the fourth most common retinal…
Introduction Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is an ocular pathology represented by newly formed blood vessels extending above the Bruch’s membrane. Classically, CNV was histopathologically divided into subretinal pigment epithelium (RPE, Gass type 1) and subretinal (Gass type 2). Later, neovascularization with…
Introduction Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and is the most common cause of blindness in developed countries. The World Health Organization estimates that 8.7% of global blindness is caused by AMD, with 14 million…
Introduction Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects 7–8 million people in the United States (US) with a prevalence of 6.5% in persons aged 40 years and older, and it is the most common cause of blindness in the Western world. In…
Dystrophies Retinal dystrophies include a variety of hereditary retinal disorders characterized by progressive atrophy of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choriocapillaris complex. These dystrophies are generally not choroidal dystrophies, but usually retinal and/or RPE dystrophies that lead to…
Introduction The choroid is a highly vascular, pigmented tissue located between the retina and the sclera. The term is derived from the Greek words “form” and “membrane.” It measures 0.22 mm at the posterior pole and from 0.1 to 0.15…
Anatomy, Embryology, and Histology of the Choroid The choroid is a pigmented and highly vascularized component of the uveal tract in the eye, allowing for light absorption and providing oxygen and nutrients to the outer retina. Anatomically, the choroid extends…
Introduction The choroid is sandwiched between the sclera and Bruch’s membrane (BM) of the eye. It is the predominant vascular bed of the eye and contains diverse cell types forming the stroma. It performs a number of anatomical, physiological, photoprotective,…
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