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Chapter 2 1. The relationship between the distance and time of diffusion is d ; that is, the distance diffused is proportional to the square root of time (e.g., for three-dimensional diffusion, ). One way to solve the problem is…
Cell membranes are modeled with electrical circuits The plasma membrane can be modeled as an electrical circuit. Fig. AppD.1 A is a schematic view of the structure of a biological membrane with a single open K + –selective ion channel.…
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Exponents Definition of exponentiation Multiplying the number 3 by itself four times gives 3×3×3×3= 81 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81 which can be written more simply with the shorthand notation 34= 81 3 4 = 81…
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Objectives 1. Explain how a skeletal muscle twitch and a tetanus are generated. 2. Describe how muscle contractile force can be varied. 3. Describe the mechanical properties of muscle that are characterized by the length-tension relationship and the force-velocity relationship.…
Objectives 1. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. 2. For skeletal muscle, describe: a. How movement of a voltage sensor couples sarcolemmal depolarization to the opening of SR Ca 2+ release…
Objectives 1. List the common principles that apply to all molecular motors: myosin, kinesin, and dynein. 2. Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle cell and the organization of its contractile elements, and compare and contrast this with the structure…