Scoliosis is defined as a lateral spinal curvature greater than 10 degrees, as measured by the Cobb method. Curves less than 10 degrees are termed spinal asymmetry . The lateral curvature is often accompanied by abnormalities in the axial and…
Overview Malalignment of extremity bones may be congenital or acquired. Primary bone or secondary soft tissue or neuromuscular disorders can result in abnormal alignment. Malalignment is often seen with congenital deformities characterized by embryologic failure of development, discussed in Chapter…
As opposed to just a decade ago, the study of congenital syndromes is no longer an exercise in the rote memorization of seemingly disconnected syndromes. Instead, the unveiling of the intricacies of the genetic code has made apparent relationships among…
Regardless of origin, abnormal limb development tends to fall into patterns that can be recognized clinically and radiographically ( Fig. 131.1 ). Most classification systems of congenital malformations are based on osseous structures, but it is well recognized that anomalous…
Overview Evaluation of the fetal skeleton is one of the more challenging aspects of prenatal imaging for a variety of reasons. It is such a rapidly changing system in gestation that ossification varies in extent and distribution from week to…
Pediatric musculoskeletal radiology is a broad field that requires an understanding of normal growth and developmental variations, fracture patterns unique to the immature skeleton, skeletal dysplasias, and knowledge of unique tumor and tumor-like conditions. Advanced imaging has improved our ability…
Embryology Both striated muscle and bone are derived from the mesodermal germ layer. The limb buds form at the end of the fourth week of fetal life. Near the end of the second month of fetal life, the embryonic cartilaginous…
Indications for evaluation of the adolescent pelvis usually are based on complaints of abdominal pain, pelvic pain, or a mass. Other clinical symptoms resulting in imaging evaluation in female patients relate to abnormalities of development of secondary sexual characteristics of…
Imaging Techniques Ultrasound is the primary imaging modality to assess the pediatric gynecologic tract, its diseases, and the simulators of those diseases. Ultrasound provides quick evaluation of the uterus, ovaries, and cul-de-sac. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)…
Overview Ultrasound (US), including Doppler imaging in all its forms, is the main diagnostic imaging tool for evaluating the scrotum. Computed tomography (CT) is used predominantly to evaluate metastatic spread of testicular or other intrascrotal tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)…