Key Points The superior laryngeal nerve is blocked at the lower border of the hyoid bone. A small 25-gauge, short needle is used to reduce the risk of intravascular or intralaryngeal injections. Perspective The superior laryngeal nerve block is one…
Key Points The distal branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve are located submucosally immediately posterior to the palatine tonsil, deep to the posterior tonsillar pillar. Glossopharyngeal blocks can be achieved from an intraoral approach or externally next to the styloid process.…
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Key Points Used for treatment or diagnosis of complex regional pain syndromes as well as upper limb vascular syndromes. Ultrasound appears to allow a more effective and precise sympathetic block. Long-lasting local anesthetics with steroid are commonly used. C7 transverse…
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KEY POINTS The most common complication of the retrobulbar block is hematoma formation, which can be minimized by using a needle shorter than 31 mm or performing a peribulbar approach. Sudden apnea may happen secondary to unexpected spinal anesthesia—related to…
Perspective This block is often used for surgical procedures carried out on the foot, especially for those not requiring high lower-leg tourniquet pressure. Patient Selection. The ankle block is principally an infiltration block and does not require elicitation of paresthesia.…
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Perspective The nerves blocked in the popliteal fossa—the tibial and peroneal nerves—are extensions of the sciatic nerve. The principal use of this block is for foot and ankle surgery. The addition of a saphenous nerve block improves comfort, because medial…
Key Points The success of the block depends on the appropriate spread of local anesthetics in the appropriate fascial planes superficially and deeply to the adductor brevis muscle. Care should be taken to confirm the spread in the intermuscular fascial…