Key Points Prepuncture ultrasound scanning is helpful to determine the midline, the depth from the skin, the desired level, and rotation of the spine. There are limited outcome data on the real-time guidance with ultrasound for neuraxial blocks. The available…
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Key Points The subcostal transversus abdominal plane (TAP) approach is very useful for supraumbilical procedures. The most cephalad sensory dermatomal spread is T8. The bilateral continuous catheter infusion can be used in the upper abdominal surgeries where epidural analgesia is…
Key Points The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a tissue plane block depending on adequate spread of local anesthetics through the plane—accordingly a minimum volume of 20 mL is usually needed for effective block. Frequent, small, incremental injections of…
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Key Points The thoracic paravertebral block, with or without catheter, can be used in lieu of thoracic epidural catheter for unilateral procedures and for breast surgeries. Pneumothorax is the major complication of this block. When performing the block and the…
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Key Points Serratus anterior block is indicated for anterolateral chest wall incisions, targeting the lateral and postcutaneous branches of upper and middle thoracic dermatomes. The block has been used for different thoracoscopic and open chest wall incisions as well as…
Key Points Anterior chest wall blocks are used as alternatives to thoracic epidurals and paravertebral blocks for breast surgeries and procedures involving the anterior chest walls. Serratus plane blocks and supraclavicular blocks may be required for more extensive surgeries. Pectoralis…