Failing liver A failing liver is a serious condition that warrants a multimodal approach (see Chapter 77 ). The best treatment for a failing liver in the setting of acute liver failure (ALF; no history of liver disease) or acute-on-chronic…
Acute liver failure (ALF), a term that is equivalent to the now archaic “fulminant hepatic failure,” evolves after a catastrophic insult to the liver and results in the development of the dual characteristics of coagulopathy and encephalopathy within a matter…
Normal pressure in the portal venous system ranges from 5 to 10 mm Hg. Portal hypertension is defined as portal venous pressure exceeding 10 mm Hg. Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is a surrogate marker of portal hypertension. Normal HVPG…
Overview Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis were the eleventh leading cause of death in the United States and resulted in more than 44,358 deaths in 2019. Chronic viral infection (see Chapter 68 ) and alcohol abuse account for the majority…
Overview Cirrhosis, the final stage of untreated chronic liver disease (see Chapter 7 ), is primarily attributable to alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis C (see Chapter 68 ), and, increasingly, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH; see Chapter 69 ) in the United States…
The entity common to simple cysts and polycystic liver disease (PCLD) is a malformation, lined by a nonatypical biliary-type epithelium that does not communicate with the biliary tree. This differentiates these diseases from hydatid cysts (see Chapter 72 ), cystic…
Introduction Hydatid disease, or cystic echinococcosis (CE), is a worldwide parasitic zoonosis, caused by the larval stages of the metacestode Echinococcus granulosus . Three more species of Echinococcus of public health concern have been recognized: Echinococcus multilocularis, causing alveolar echinococcosis,…
Amebic liver abscess History The earliest report of amebiasis is probably the Sanskrit document Brigu-samhita, written about 3000 bce , referring to bloody mucoid diarrhea. Assyrian and Babylonian texts refer to blood in the feces, suggesting the presence of amebiasis…
Overview Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) may be solitary or multiple collections of pus within the liver, the result of bacterial infection. PLA causes significant morbidity, mortality, and increased consumption of healthcare resources. PLA represents the most common visceral abscess, with…
Fatty liver disease (FLD), comprising hepatic steatosis or steatohepatitis with or without associated fibrosis, and hepatic sinusoidal injury (SI) are emerging challenges at the forefront of hepatobiliary surgery. Because of the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome elements (hypertension, diabetes mellitus,…