Introduction In order to provide the maximum degree of transparency to stained tissue sections, the refractive index of the mounting medium must approximate to that of dried protein, i.e. between 1.53 and 1.54. This is especially important for photographing slides.…
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Introduction The pH of a solution is defined as the logarithm to base 10 of 1 divided by the concentration of the free hydrogen ions in solution (i.e. pH = log 10 1/[A + ] = −log 10 [H +…
Introduction Most solutions in histology are made using water as a solvent. The agent dissolved in water to make an aqueous solution is the solute. Solutions typically are made as volume to volume or weight to volume. Concentrated formaldehyde is…
Introduction SI Units (Système International d’Unités, ) are used throughout this text. Under ISO 15189 ( ) there are two standards relating to measurement and measurement units (ISO 15189 standards F3.3 and F3.4). To attain ISO 15189 accreditation, laboratories must…
Introduction The histological diagnosis is often clear from light microscopic examination of tinctorial-stained slides. However, in cases with varying differential diagnoses, or where molecular subtleties will add to case interpretation, immunohistochemistry may be employed to reach a conclusion. In certain…
Introduction ∗ This is an abridged version of this topic in Chapter 6 of the 7 th edition of this text Tissue microarray (TMA) is a method used to evaluate numerous samples of tissue in a short time. First introduced…
Introduction The aim of this appendix is to include discussion and methodology from the chapters Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids and Enzyme Histochemistry which were included in previous editions of this book. These technologies have largely been superseded in the modern…
Key points Whole slide imaging (WSI) allows the creation of digital images of entire histology and cytology slides with sufficient detail to allow viewing at varying magnifications comparable to that achievable with a conventional light microscope. Acquiring digital WSIs requires…
Acknowledgments We thank Richard Davey (SA Pathology) for his assistance in preparing the illustrations for this chapter and Dr Alan Curry (Manchester Royal Infirmary) for his helpful advice on microsporidia. Introduction Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a significant tool in…