Questions/Answers 1 What are the most desirable properties of an anesthetic gas? The most desirable properties of an anesthetic gas are predictability in onset and emergence; muscle relaxation, cardiostability, and bronchodilation; nontriggering for malignant hyperthermia or other significant side effects…
1 What are the four foundational moral values of medical ethics? Respect for autonomy: patients have the right to determine what can and cannot be done to their bodies Nonmaleficence: do no harm, or at least, do more good than…
Allergic Reactions 1 Review the four types of hypersensitivity reactions and their mechanisms See Table 12.1 . Table 12.1 Hypersensitivity Classification Type of Reaction Name Mechanism Examples Type I Allergic reaction Previous exposure to an antigen produces IgE immunoglobulins which…
1 What is the overarching indication for blood transfusion? The overarching indication for transfusing packed red blood cells (RBCs) is to improve oxygen delivery ( D˙O2 D ˙ O 2 ). One of the primary roles of RBCs is to…
1 How can you identify a patient at risk for perioperative bleeding? Preoperative evaluation for bleeding risk includes a focused history, physical examination, a review of all medications and dietary supplements, appropriate laboratory testing and a consideration of the bleeding…
Questions: Electrolytes Sodium 1 How is hyponatremia classified? Classification is primarily based on the patient’s serum osmolality and volume status. Hyponatremia may occur in the presence of low serum osmolality (< 285 mOsm/kg), normal osmolality (285–295 mOsm/kg), or high osmolality…
1 Describe the functionally distinct compartments of body water Total body water comprises approximately 60% of body weight. About two-thirds of body water (40% of body weight) is in the intracellular fluid compartment and one-third (20% of body weight) is…
1 What information does an arterial blood gas provide? Arterial blood gas (ABG) machines provide a direct measurement of partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO 2 ), partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO 2 ),…
1 Define lung volumes and capacities Tidal volume (TV) = Volume of gas inspired and passively expired with normal breathing Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = Volume of gas that can be maximally exhaled from rest Residual volume (RV) = Volume…
1 What is Ohm’s law? How does it relate to blood flow in the human body? Ohm’s law characterizes the relationship between current and voltage across a resistor: I=ΔVR I = Δ V R I, current; ΔV, voltage gradient; R,…